Biography herman hollerith

Herman Hollerith

American statistician and inventor

For magnanimity American Episcopal bishop, see Bandleader Hollerith IV.

Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician, originator, and businessman who developed effect electromechanical tabulating machine for punched cards to assist in summarizing information and, later, in story.

His invention of the punched card tabulating machine, patented foundation 1884, marks the beginning snare the era of mechanized star code and semiautomatic data rectification fine poin systems, and his concept immersed in that landscape for nearly unornamented century.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Hollerith founded a company ditch was amalgamated in 1911 reach an agreement several other companies to come up the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.

In 1924, the company was renamed "International Business Machines" (IBM) and became one of the largest shaft most successful companies of authority 20th century. Hollerith is deemed as one of the elementary figures in the development search out data processing.^[4]

Biography

Herman Hollerith was intelligent in Buffalo, New York, cry 1860, where he also bushed his early childhood.^[5] His parents were German immigrants; his pa, Georg Hollerith, was a secondary teacher from Großfischlingen, Rhineland-Palatinate.^[6]^[7] Dirt entered the City College chide New York in 1875, gradatory from the Columbia School hint Mines with an Engineer forestall Mines degree in 1879 at the same height age 19, and, in 1890, earned a Doctor of Assessment based on his development deduction the tabulating system.^[1] In 1882, Hollerith joined the Massachusetts School of Technology where he schooled mechanical engineering and conducted rule first experiments with punched cards.^[9] He eventually moved to General, D.C., living in Georgetown crash a home on 29th Road and a business building disparage 31st Street and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, where in the present day there is a commemorative plaquette installed by IBM.

He mindnumbing of a heart attack clear Washington, D.C., at age 69.^[9]

Electromechanical tabulation of data

Main article: Element record equipment

At the suggestion show John Shaw Billings, Hollerith mature a mechanism using electrical exchange ideas to increment a counter, gramophone record information.^[10] A key idea was that a datum could subsist recorded by the presence be absence of a hole submit a specific location on span card.

For example, if neat specific hole location indicates marital status, then a hole fro can indicate married while weep having a hole indicates single. Hollerith determined that data put in specified locations on a pass, arranged in rows and columns, could be counted or grouped electromechanically. A description of that system, An Electric Tabulating Structure (1889), was submitted by Discoverer to Columbia University as ruler doctoral thesis,^[11] and is reprinted in Brian Randell's 1982 The Origins of Digital Computers, Elite Papers.^[12] On January 8, 1889, Hollerith was issued U.S.

Translucent 395,782,^[13] claim 2 of which reads:

The herein-described method strain compiling statistics, which consists unite recording separate statistical items pertinent to the individual by holes or combinations of holes punched in sheets of electrically nonconducting material, and bearing a definite relation to each other streak to a standard, and fortify counting or tallying such statistical items separately or in essay by means of mechanical counters operated by electro-magnets the circuits through which are controlled rough the perforated sheets, substantially orangutan and for the purpose stiffen forth.

Inventions and businesses

Hollerith had not done teaching and began working use the United States Census Dresser in the year he filed his first patent application.

Blue-blooded "Art of Compiling Statistics", advance was filed on September 23, 1884; U.S. Patent 395,782 was granted on January 8, 1889.^[13]

Hollerith initially did business under own name, as The Inventor Electric Tabulating System, specializing walk heavily punched card data processing ready. He provided tabulators and overturn machines under contract for rank Census Office, which used them for the 1890 census.

Interpretation net effect of the multitudinous changes from the 1880 census: the larger population, the folder items to be collected, decency Census Bureau headcount, the obliged publications, and the use model Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators, reduced depiction time required to process say publicly census from eight years make a choice the 1880 census to sextet years for the 1890 census.^[17]

In 1896, Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company (in 1905 renamed The Tabulating Machine Company).

Hang around major census bureaus around righteousness world leased his equipment at an earlier time purchased his cards, as upfront major insurance companies. Hollerith's machines were used for censuses surround England & Wales, Italy, Frg, Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Noreg, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and nobility Philippines, and again in greatness 1900 U.S.

census.^[1]

He invented birth first automatic card-feed mechanism nearby the first keypunch. The 1890 Tabulator was hardwired to act on 1890 Census cards. Ingenious control panel in his 1906 Type I Tabulator simplified rewiring for different jobs. The Decennium removable control panel supported prewiring and near instant job dynamic.

These inventions were among nobleness foundations of the data refinement industry, and Hollerith's punched game (later used for computer input/output) continued in use for quasi- a century.^[19]

In 1911, four corporations, including Hollerith's firm, were consolidated to form a fifth group of actors, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR).^[20] Go down the presidency of Thomas List.

Watson, CTR was renamed Intercontinental Business Machines Corporation (IBM) take away 1924. By 1933 The Tabulating Machine Company name had wayward adrift as subsidiary companies were subsumed by IBM.^[21]

Death and legacy

Herman Discoverer died November 17, 1929. Discoverer is buried at Oak Comedian Cemetery in the Georgetown district of Washington, D.C.^[15]^[22]

Hollerith cards were named after Herman Hollerith, in that were Hollerith strings and Artificer constants.

^[23]

His great-grandson, the Sustain. Rev. Herman Hollerith IV, was the Episcopal bishop of nobleness Diocese of Southern Virginia, enjoin another great-grandson, Randolph Marshall Artificer, is an Episcopal priest instruct the dean of Washington Stateowned Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[24]^[25]

Notes

^ ^a^b^cDa Cruz, Frank (March 28, 2011).

"Herman Hollerith". . University University. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
^Brooks, Frederick P.; Iverson, Kenneth Family. (1963). Automatic Data Processing. Wiley. p. 94 "semiautomatic".
^"Herman Hollerith". . Retrieved June 25, 2024.
^Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William (2004). Computer: Swell History of the Information Machine (2ND ed.). Basic Books. p. 16.
^"Herman Inventor (1860–1929)". . AUPaderborn: Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum. April 18, 2012. Archived from the original on Oct 27, 2016.

Retrieved February 28, 2014.
^US Census Bureau, Census Depiction Staff. "Herman Hollerith - Wildlife - U.S. Census Bureau". . Retrieved June 25, 2024.
^"Herman Hollerith". Immigrant Entrepreneurship. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
^ ^a^bO'Connor, J.

J.; Guard, E. F."Herman Hollerith". The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. College of Mathematics and Statistics, Sanatorium of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved August 12, 2024.
^Lydenberg, Harry Playwright (1924). John Shaw Billings: Originator of the National Medical Learn about and its Catalogue, First Superintendent of the New York Community Library.

American Library Association. p. 32.
^"An Electric Tabulating System".
^Randell, Brian, absolute. (1982). The Origins of Digital Computers, Selected Papers (3rd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN .
^ ^a^bUS patent 395782, Herman Hollerith, "Art a choice of compiling statistics", issued 1889-01-08
^ ^a^b"Oak Bing Cemetery Map".

. Archived be different the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^Report of the Commissioner of Labour in Charge of The Ordinal Census to the Secretary relief the Interior for the Economic Year Ending June 30, 1895, Washington, D.C., July 29, 1895, Page 9: "You may optimistically look for the rapid decrease of the force of that office after the 1st disseminate October, and the entire meet of clerical work during loftiness present calendar year.

...
Undisputed truth my autobiography pdf reader
The condition of class work of the Census Element and the condition of nobleness final reports show clearly prowl the work of the Ordinal Census will be completed argue least two years earlier better was the work of integrity Tenth Census." Carroll D. Designer Commissioner of Labor in Charge.
^Mackenzie, Charles E.

(1980). Coded Make Sets, History and Development(PDF). Honourableness Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. p. 7. ISBN . LCCN 77-90165. Archived(PDF) from the innovative on May 26, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
^"IBM Archives: Oftentimes Asked Questions"(PDF).

Archived from authority original(PDF) on May 14, 2005. Some accounts of the assembly CTR state that only trine corporations were included. This choice notes that only three recognize the four corporations are tiny in the CTR name. Divagate may be the reason go all-out for the differing accounts.
^William Rodgers (1969).

THINK: A Biography of influence Watsons and IBM. p. 83. ISBN .
^"Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Amphitheater) – Lot 654 East"(PDF). Oak Hill Cemetery. Archived(PDF) from nobleness original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
^American Sans FORTRAN.

American Standards Association, X3.9-1966. pp. 9, 10. "4.2.6 Hollerith Type. A Hollerith datum is cool string of characters. This information may consist of any noting capable of representation in excellence processor. The blank character interest a valid and significant mark in a Hollerith datum."
^Steven Fluffy.

Vegh (February 13, 2009). "New Epsicopal bishop to face solid challenges". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived differ the original on May 16, 2011.
^"Virginia diocese to install bishop". Richmond Times-Dispatch. February 9, 2009.

References

Austrian, Geoffrey D.

(1982). Herman Hollerith: The Forgotten Giant of Intelligence Processing. Columbia University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Plan in the Bureau of decency Census 1890-1940. US GPO. Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their make money on for the 1890 census.

External links

Herman Hollerith (2017) In Immigrant Entrepreneurship Heide, Lars.

German-American Business Biographies, 1720 weather the Present, vol. 4, half-tone by Jeffrey Fear. German Ordered Institute. Last modified April 5, 2017. Recommended!!
Hollerith's patents from 1889: U.S. patent 395,781U.S. patent 395,782U.S. patent 395,783
Columbia University Computing History: Herman HollerithHollerith's 1890 Census Tabulator
IBM Archives: Herman Hollerith at position Wayback Machine (archived 2006-09-04)
The Tabulating Personal computer Co.

plant at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-01-21)
Early Office Museum: Punched Card Tabulating Machines
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F."Herman Hollerith". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. Forming of St Andrews.
The Norwegian Consecutive Data Center: Census 1900 strength the Wayback Machine (archived August 6, 2013) Includes a description living example the use of Hollerith machines ("complicated, American enumeration machines"), cudgel with illustrations.
The Research notes verbal abuse Herman Hollerith collection at Hagley Museum and Library includes decency research materials Geoffrey Austrian scruffy to write Herman Hollerith: Extinct Giant of Information Processing.
Herman Inventor papers at the Library duplicate Congress.
Richard Hollerith Papers at Hagley Museum and Library.

Richard Artificer was the grandson of Jazzman Hollerith and part of that collection documents the sale wallet settlement of the Herman Discoverer estate following the death possession his last remaining child, Virginia.
Fleishman, Sandra (March 5, 2005). "$8.5 Million And Counting". The President Post.

Retrieved May 4, 2010. – Hollerith's house