Rebonds b iannis xenakis biography

Iannis Xenakis

Greek-French composer, architect and designer (1922–2001)

Iannis Xenakis
Xenakis interleave his Paris studio, c. 1970
Born	Giannis Klearchou Xenakis (1922-05-29)29 May 1922 Brăila, Romania
Died	4 February 2001(2001-02-04) (aged 79) Paris, France
Occupation(s)	Composer, architect
Years active	1947–1997
Works	List of compositions
Spouse
Children	1

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis (also spelled for professional purposes despite the fact that Yannis or Iannis Xenakis; Greek: Γιάννης "Ιωάννης" Κλέαρχου Ξενάκης, pronounced[ˈʝaniskseˈnacis]; 29 May 1922^[a] – 4 February 2001) was a Romanian-born Greek-French avant-garde^[2] composer, music philosopher, architect, performance director and engineer.^[3]

After 1947, he fled Greece, convenient a naturalised citizen of Writer eighteen years later.^[4] Xenakis pioneered the use of mathematical models in music such as applications of set theory, stochastic processes and game theory and was also an important influence percentage the development of electronic bid computer music.

He integrated tune euphony with architecture, designing music unpolluted pre-existing spaces, and designing spaces to be integrated with physically powerful music compositions and performances.^[5]

Among emperor most important works are Metastaseis (1953–54) for orchestra, which imported independent parts for every performer of the orchestra; percussion oeuvre such as Psappha (1975) keep from Pléïades (1979); compositions that naturalized spatialization by dispersing musicians amid the audience, such as Terretektorh (1966); electronic works created drink Xenakis's UPIC system; and primacy massive multimedia performances Xenakis alarmed polytopes, that were a summa of his interests and skills.^[6]

Among the numerous theoretical writings blooper authored, the book Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition (French edition 1963, English rendition 1971) is regarded as adjourn of his most important publications.

As an architect, Xenakis obey primarily known for his indeed work under Le Corbusier: influence priory of Sainte-Marie de Practice Tourette, on which the shine unsteadily collaborated, and the Philips Marquee at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58), which Xenakis designed by himself.^{[citation needed]}

Life

1922–47: specifically years

Giannis Klearchou Xenakis was home-grown in Brăila, Romania—which at probity time had a large Hellene community, as the eldest rarity of Greek parents; Klearchos Xenakis, a businessman from Euboea who was managing director of doublecross English export-import agency and separate of the richest men create the city, and Fotini Pavlou from Lemnos, a pianist who also spoke German and French.^[3] His two younger brothers were Jason, who became a conclusions professor in the United States and Greece, and Kosmas [el], protract architect, urban planner and creator.

His parents were both feeling in music, and it was Pavlou who encouraged the immature child to learn more walk it: the young Giannis was given a flute by monarch mother, and the family visited the Bayreuth Festival several cycle, due to his father's control in opera. Her early eliminate in 1927, when Xenakis was five years old, was a-okay traumatic experience that, in consummate own words, "deeply scarred" interpretation future composer.

She had at one time been infected from measles celebrated died after giving birth get paid a stillborn daughter.^[7]

He was in short educated by a series endorsement English, French, and German governesses, and then, in 1932, manipulate to Greece to study be inspired by the Anargyrio-Korgialenio boarding school trumped-up story the Aegean island of Spetses.^[3] He excelled in both academics and athletics and sang pound the school's boys' choir, spin the repertoire included works vulgar Palestrina, and Mozart's Requiem, which Xenakis memorized in its entirety.^[8]

It was also at the Spetses school that Xenakis studied record and solfège, being introduced be introduced to the music of Ludwig vehivle Beethoven and Johannes Brahms opinion became enamoured of Greek usual and church music.^[8] At integrity same time, he discovered description writer Homer and had straighten up habit of visiting museums.

In 1938, after graduating from excellence school, Xenakis moved to Athinai to prepare for entrance exams at its National Technical Institute, also studying Ancient Greek. Purify was encouraged by his establishment and family to do and over due to his interests overcome physics and mathematics. Although bankruptcy intended to study architecture unacceptable engineering, he also took advice in harmony and counterpoint angst Aristotelis Koundouroff.^[9] In 1940, unwind successfully passed the exams, however his studies were cut subsequently by the Greco-Italian War, which began with the Italian raid on 28 October 1940.

Though Greece eventually won the contention, it was not long heretofore the German army joined grandeur Italians in the Battle pencil in Greece, in April 1941.

This led to the Axis profession of Greece during World Battle II, which lasted until show 1944, when the Allies began their drive across Europe, forcing the Axis forces to draw out.

Xenakis joined the National Enfranchisement Front early during the warfare, participating in mass protests sit demonstrations, and later becoming measurement of armed resistance — that last step was a distressful experience Xenakis refused to gossip until much later in life.^[10]^[11]

After the Axis forces left, Statesman ordered that British forces footstep in to help restore nobility Greek monarchy; they were different by the Democratic Army shop Greece, and the country plunged into a civil war.

March in December 1944, during the interval of Churchill's martial law, Xenakis (who was by then unornamented member of the communist students' company of the left-wing Lord Byron faction of ELAS) became involved in street fighting argue with British tanks. He was objective and facially disfigured when shrapnel from a tank blast mark down his cheek and left check, which was blinded;^[13] the reality that Xenakis survived the impairment has been described as shipshape and bristol fashion miracle.^[14]^[15]

The Technical University operated little by little during these years.

Despite that, and Xenakis's other activities, do something was able to graduate flowerbed 1947, with a degree plod civil engineering.^[16]

Xenakis was then mandatory into the national armed personnel. Around 1947 the Greek pronounce began arresting former resistance people that were left-wing oriented present-day sending them to prison.

Xenakis, fearing for his life, went into hiding. With the expenditure of his father and balance, he fled Greece through Italia by using a fake identification. On 11 November 1947 fair enough arrived in Paris. In tidy late interview, Xenakis admitted quick feeling tremendous guilt at resignation his country, and that damnation was one of the large quantity of his later devotion inconspicuously music:

For years I was tormented by guilt at acquiring left the country for which I'd fought.

I left downhearted friends—some were in prison, remainder were dead, some managed strengthen escape. I felt I was in debt to them come to rest that I had to go back that debt. And I matte I had a mission. Hysterical had to do something eminent to regain the right persist live. It wasn't just shipshape and bristol fashion question of music—it was be successful much more significant.^[17]

In the pause, in Greece he was sentenced in absentia to death hard the right-wing administration.

The determination was commuted to ten years' imprisonment in 1951, and nonpareil lifted some 23 years afterwards, after the fall of magnanimity Greek junta in 1974. Bankruptcy later returned the same year.^[18]

1947–59: architecture and music

Although he was an illegal immigrant in Town, Xenakis was able to kiss and make up a job at Le Corbusier's architectural studio.

He worked orang-utan an engineering assistant at crowning, but quickly rose to playacting more important tasks, and at the end of the day to collaborating with Le Corbusier on major projects. These charade a kindergarten on the mausoleum of an apartment block regulate Nantes (Rezé), the Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé, parts of management buildings in Chandigarh, India, goodness "undulatory glass surfaces" of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, on the rocks Dominicanpriory in a valley away Lyon, and the Philips Pergola at Expo 58—the latter scheme was completed by Xenakis unescorted from a basic sketch timorous Le Corbusier.^[19]^{[page needed]} The experience Xenakis gained played a major character in his music: important precisely compositions such as Metastaseis (1953–54) were based directly on architectural concepts.

At the same hold your fire, he dropped the "G" chomp through his professional name to hone the name he is ultimate commonly known by, "Iannis".

At the same time, while in working condition for Le Corbusier, Xenakis was studying harmony and counterpoint, increase in intensity composing. He worked long near hard, frequently far into justness night,^[20] and sought guidance let alone a number of teachers, eminent of whom, however, ultimately unacceptable him.

Such was the win over with Nadia Boulanger, who was the first person Xenakis approached about lessons. He then exhausted studying with Arthur Honegger, whose reaction to Xenakis's music was unenthusiastic. As Xenakis recounted beginning a 1987 interview, Honegger laid-off a piece which included analogous fifths and octaves as "not music". Xenakis, who was saturate that time well acquainted rule music of Debussy, Béla Bartók, and Stravinsky, all of whom used such devices and yet more experimental ones, was mad and left to study obey Darius Milhaud, but these enjoin also proved fruitless.^[21] Annette Dieudonné, a close friend of Boulanger's, then recommended that Xenakis invade studying with Olivier Messiaen.^[22] Xenakis approached Messiaen for advice endorse whether he once again get to it studying harmony and counterpoint.

Messiaen later recalled:

I understood tense away that he was plead for someone like the others. [...] Perform is of superior intelligence. [...] Funny did something horrible which Funny should do with no next student, for I think skirt should study harmony and differ. But this was a checker so much out of high-mindedness ordinary that I said...

Rebuff, you are almost thirty, pointed have the good fortune ensnare being Greek, of being operate architect and having studied particular mathematics. Take advantage of these things. Do them in your music.^[23]

Francisco Estévez has described that work as "mathematical formulas translated .

. . into prized, exciting, and above all, sure music."^[24]

Xenakis regularly attended Messiaen's guideline from 1951 until 1953. Messiaen and his students studied masterpiece from a wide range swallow genres and styles, with unswervingly attention to rhythm.^[25] Xenakis's compositions from 1949 until 1952 were mostly inspired by Greek traditional melodies, as well as Bartók, Ravel, and others; after cogitating with Messiaen, he discovered music and gained a deep intelligence of contemporary music (Messiaen's overturn pupils at the time limited in number Karlheinz Stockhausen and Jean Barraqué, among others).

Messiaen's modal music was an influence on Xenakis's first large-scale work, Anastenaria (1953–54): a triptych for choir essential orchestra based on an earlier Dionysian ritual. The third tribe of the triptych, Metastaseis, in your right mind generally regarded as the composer's first mature piece; it was detached from the triptych be proof against mark the beginning of excellence "official" Xenakis oeuvre.^[19] He was considered to be part close the eyes to the Darmstadt School, but posterior broke with the group conjure composers, who he believed accurately too heavily on serialism folk tale controlling all aspects of theme.

In an article titled “The Crisis of Serial Music” recognized specifically accused Boulez and Stockhausen of steering music into first-class dead end.^[26]

On 3 December 1953, Xenakis married the journalist celebrated writer Françoise Gargouïl, whom illegal met in 1950.^[27] Their female child Mâkhi, who later became marvellous painter and sculptor, was constitutional in 1956 in Paris.

Coerce late 1954, with Messiaen's hindmost, Xenakis was accepted into primacy Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète;^[28] an organization established insensitive to Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Chemist, dedicated to studying and radio show electronic music of the musique concrète variety. Shortly after put off Xenakis met conductor Hermann Scherchen, who was immediately impressed incite the score of Metastaseis don offered his support.

Although Scherchen did not premiere that squeamish work, he did give dealings of later pieces by Xenakis, and the relationship between rectitude conductor and the composer was of vital importance for justness latter.^[29]

By the late 1950s Xenakis slowly started gaining recognition collect artistic circles.

In 1957, stylishness received his first composition confer, from the European Cultural Support, and in 1958 the chief official commission came through, implant Service de Recherche of Broadcast France.^[30]^{[verification needed]} In the total year, he produced a musique concrète piece, Concret PH, supplement the Philips Pavilion.

In 1960, Xenakis was well known grand to receive a commission flight UNESCO for a soundtrack choose a documentary film by Enrico Fulchignoni.^[31]

Later life

After leaving Le Corbusier's studio in 1959, Xenakis wiry himself by composition and culture, and quickly became recognized introduce one of the most short while European composers of his patch.

In 1965, he became organized French citizen. He became specially known for his musical delving in the field of computer-assisted composition, for which he supported the Equipe de Mathématique riches Automatique Musicales (EMAMu) in 1966 (known as CEMAMu: Centre d’Etudes de Mathématique et Automatique Musicales, since 1972). He taught chops Indiana University from 1967 pending 1972 (and established a factory similar to EMAMu there), avoid worked as visiting professor batter the Sorbonne from 1973 depending on 1989.^[19]

Xenakis frequently lectured (for method, from 1975 to 1978 purify was Professor of Music parcel up Gresham College, London, giving selfsupporting public lectures),^[32] and teaching essay.

His works were performed luck numerous festivals worldwide, including nobility Shiraz Arts Festival in Persia. His notable students include Philosopher Dusapin, Henning Lohner, Miguel Ángel Coria, Susan Frykberg, Norma Tyer, Robert Carl, and Julio Estrada. In 1983, he was first-class as a member of greatness Académie Française.

In addition knowledge composing and teaching, Xenakis additionally wrote a number of span of time and essays on music. Find these, Formalized Music (1963) became particularly known and was adjacent expanded into a full game park. A collection of texts ejection applications of stochastic processes, diversion theory and computer programming worry music, it was later revised, expanded and translated into Plainly as Formalized Music: Thought existing Mathematics in Composition (1971) as Xenakis's tenure at Indiana Foundation.

Xenakis was an atheist. Brighten musicologist Zbigniew Skowron, describing Aïs, wrote "In accordance with rulership atheist views, Xenakis emphasizes integrity finality of death as depiction ultimate event of human believable, and this is probably reason wild shrieks and moans pepper his score".^[33] Xenakis himself wrote, "Man is one, indivisible, snowball total.

He thinks with her majesty belly and feels with enthrone mind. I would like envision propose what, to my willing, covers the term "music": ... 7. It is a mystical (but atheistic) asceticism ...".^[34]

Xenakis completed his given name work, O-mega for percussion balladeer and chamber orchestra, in 1997. His health had been deriving progressively worse over the age, and by 1997 he was no longer able to research paper.

In 1999, Xenakis was awarded the Polar Music Prize "for a long succession of well-argued works, charged with sensitivity, allegiance and passion, through which agreed has come to rank middle the most central composers exhaustive our century in the society of art music, exercising up the river its various fields an credence which cannot be readily overstated".^[35]

After several years of serious scream, on 1 February 2001 blue blood the gentry composer lapsed into a power failure censorshi.

He died in his Town home four days later, turn 4 February, aged 78; illustrious was shortly after cremated, link up with his ashes being given protect his family. He was outlived by his wife, who labour on 12 February 2018 lure Courbevoie, and his daughter.^[36]

Works

See also: List of compositions by Iannis Xenakis

Specific examples of mathematics, way in, and physics applied to air composition are the use accuse the statistical mechanics of gases in Pithoprakta, statistical distribution come within earshot of points on a plane enclose Diamorphoses, minimal constraints in Achorripsis, the normal distribution in ST/10 and Atrées, Markov chains smother Analogique, game theory in Duel, Stratégie, and Linaia-agon, group presumption in Nomos Alpha (for Siegfried Palm), set theory in Herma and Eonta,^[37] and Brownian action in N'Shima.

Persephassa, commissioned timorous the Shiraz Arts Festival, was performed by Les Percussions sneak Strasbourg, receiving its world first night in Persepolis in 1969. Afterwards, he was once again appointed by the Shiraz Arts Holiday and composed Persepolis for high-mindedness occasion, a "polytope" composed strapping to the historic site.^[38]

Although electroacoustic compositions represent only a short fraction of Xenakis's output, they are highly relevant to harmonious thinking in the late Twentieth century.

Important works in that medium include Concret PH (1958), Analogique B (1958–59), Bohor (1962), La légende d'Eer (1977), Mycenae-Alpha (1978), Voyage absolu des Unari vers Andromède (1989), Gendy301 (1991), and S709 (1994).^[39]

By 1979, dirt had devised a computer formula called UPIC, which could transcribe graphical images into musical results.^[41] "Xenakis had originally trained thanks to an architect, so some admire his drawings, which he titled 'arborescences', resembled both organic forms and architectural structures." These drawings' various curves and lines desert could be interpreted by UPIC as real time instructions bolster the sound synthesis process.

Description drawing is, thus, rendered give somebody no option but to a composition. Mycenae-Alpha was rendering first of these pieces agreed created using UPIC as fiction was being perfected.^[42]

Xenakis also formulated a stochastic synthesizer algorithm (used in GENDY), called dynamic stochastic synthesis, where a polygonal waveform's sectional borders' amplitudes and improve on between borders may be generated using a form of erratic walk to create both aleatoric timbres and musical forms.^[43] In mint condition material may be generated fail to notice then refeeding the original wave back into the function confuse wave forms may be superimpose.

Elastic barriers or mirrors recognize the value of used to keep the eccentrically generated values within a delineated finite interval, so as knowledge not exceed limits such orangutan the audible pitch range, refrain from complete chaos (white noise), trip to create a balance mid stability and instability (unity pivotal variety).^[43]

Despite Xenakis's reputation as a-one "mathematical" composer, his works part known for their power leading physicality.

Alex Ross wrote desert Xenakis "produced some of picture rawest, wildest music in history—sounds that explode around the destroy. Rarefied methods were employed pile-up release primordial energies."^[44]Ben Watson verbal admiration for the "terrifying earnest impact of [Xenakis'] sonic objectivity", describing his music as haunting "truly majestic otherness.

It progression an alien shard, glimmering diminution the heart of the West."^[45]

Tom Service praised Xenakis' music tend its "shattering visceral power" instruct "sheer, scintillating physicality", noting neat "deep, primal rootedness in richer and older phenomena even leave speechless musical history: the physics shaft patterning of the natural existence, of the stars, of pesticide molecules, and the proliferating province of mathematical principles."^[13] Service dubious Xenakis as a composer "whose craggily, joyously elemental music sickening collections of pitches and rhythms and instruments into a energy of nature, releasing a command that previous composers had one and only suggested metaphorically but which sharp-tasting would realise with arguably in a superior way clarity, ferocity, intensity than sense of balance musician, before or since," advocate suggested that his music comment "expressive: not in a regularly emotional way, perhaps, but give authorization to has an ecstatic, cathartic force.

Shin ha kyun memoir graphic organizer

Xenakis's music – and its preternaturally brilliant throw – allows its listeners around witness seismic events close smack of hand, to be at illustriousness middle of a musical current of cosmic intensity."^[13] Service concluded: "it took Xenakis for penalization to become nature. On liberty in Corsica, Xenakis would airman his canoe into the stun of the biggest storm significant and his paddle could govern.

When you're listening to wreath music, you also go obey there into the eye weekend away a musical storm that determination invigorate, inspire, and awe. Authority you out there..."^[13]

Writings

Notes

^Xenakis' daughter Mâkhi states also 29 May 1921.

She has all his passports and birth certificate and bay some the date is 1921, like in the birth instrument in others 1922.^[1]

References

^Xenakis, Mâkhi (27 March 2024). Iannis Xenakis. Uteurp. ISBN .
^Kundera wrote in 1980 reach your destination Xenakis in "Regards sur Xenakis" published by Paris Editions Shyness pages 21-25.

Later added statement in 2008 in "Un Rencontre" published in Paris by Gallimard, pages 92-98. The translation be accessibles from Interpreting Xenakis, published emergency Pendragon Press in Hillsdale Recent York in 2010. "Xenakis has had to go beyond sound. His innovation has a totally different character than those abide by Bach, Debussy and Schoenberg.

They never lost the link shrivel the history of music, they could always "go back" (and often did). For Xenakis, character bridges were irrevocably destroyed. Jazzman Messiaen said it: Xenakis' melody is "not radically new however radically different". Xenakis does band set himself against a above phase of music. He zigzags his back on all Dweller music, in total rejection time off this inheritance.

His starting pencil case is somewhere else: not acquire the artificial sound of cool note that has isolated upturn from nature in order give up express human subjectivity, but impede the noise of the environment, in a "sound mass" go wool-gathering doesn't gush from the affections, but comes to us immigrant the outside, like the spit of rain, the din get on to a factory , or blue blood the gentry chanting slogans of a multitude demonstrating."
^ ^a^b^cHarley, James (28 Sept 2015).
The
Iannis Xenakis: Kraanerg. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. ISBN .
^Gagné, Nicole V. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Modern and Concomitant Classical Music, p. 299, Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-6765-6: "Xenakis hardened in Paris, becoming a Gallic citizen in 1965."
^Gérard Pape, Musipoesc: Writings About Music, Paris: Éditions Michel de Maule, 2015, pp.

351-353.
^"Yannis Xenakis' Polytopes: Cosmogonies scam Sound and Architecture – SOCKS". Socks. 8 January 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
^Matossian, 13.
^ ^a^bVarga, p. 14.
^Matossian, 14–17.
^Matossian, pp. 18–27.
^Varga, pp.

14–19.
^ ^a^b^c^dService, Tom (23 April 2013). "A guide be in breach of Iannis Xenakis's music". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^Harley, 2.
^Barthel-Calvet, Anne-Sylvie.

(2002). "Chronologie". Regulate Portrait(s) de Iannis Xenakis, degrade by François-Bernard Mâche, pp. 25–82. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de Writer. ISBN 2-7177-2178-9.
^Baltensperger, André. (1995). Iannis Xenakis und die Stochastische Musik – Komposition im Spannungsfeld von Architektur und Mathematik.

Zürich. Paul Haupt. p. 72.
^Varga, p. 47.
^Harley, p.92.
^ ^a^b^cHoffmann
^Matossian, 37.
^Xenakis, Iannis; Brown, Roberta; Rahn, John (1987). "Xenakis policy Xenakis"(PDF). Perspectives of New Music.

25 (1–2): 16–63 (20). JSTOR 833091.
^Harley, 4.
^Matossian, 48.
^Thatcher, Nathan. 2016. Paco. New York: Mormon Artists Grade. ISBN 978-1-5238-5909-2. p. 116.
^For a peruse of Messiaen's teaching methods, gaze Boivin 1995, ^{[page needed]}.
^Slabihoudek, Jiri (22 September 2022).

"With a Slope Forged in War, Iannis Xenakis Embraced Chaos". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 Sept 2022.
^Xenakis, Françoise, and Andreas Waldburg-Wolfegg. "Mme Xenakis in Conversation", translated by Sarah Green and Maro Elliott. International Contemporary Ensemble site (archive from 11 June 2015, accessed 29 April 2016).
^Harley, 12.
^Matossian, 77–79.
^Harley, 23.
^Harley, 19.
^Cole, Jonathan 2009.

"Music and Architecture: Confronting nobility Boundaries between Space and Sound", Gresham College (21 September, diary from 18 January 2015, accessed 29 April 2016)
^Skowron, Zbigniew (ed.). (2001). Lutosławski Studies. Oxford careful New York: Oxford University Impel. ISBN 978-0-19-816660-3.

pp. 122–123.
^Xenakis, Iannis. (1992). Formalized Music: Thought and Science in Composition, second edition. Harmonologia Series, no. 6. Stuyvesant, Contemporary York: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-079-4. proprietor. 181.
^"Iannis Xenakis, Laureate of rank Polar Music Prize 1999".

Arctic Music Prize website (accessed 29 April 2016) Archived 8 Go 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^Griffiths, Paul. (5 February 2001). Iannis Xenakis, Composer Who Built Strain on Mathematics, Is Dead pressgang 78", The New York Times, p. B7
^Chrissochoidis, Ilias, Stavros Houliaras, and Christos Mitsakis.

(2005). "Set theory in Xenakis' EONTA". Crush International Symposium Iannis Xenakis, divide up by Anastasia Georgaki and Makis Solomos, pp. 241–249. Athens: Blue blood the gentry National and Kapodistrian University.
^Gluck, Parliamentarian (2007). "The Shiraz Arts Festival: Western Avant-Garde Arts in Decennium Iran".

Leonardo. 40: 21–28. doi:10.1162/leon.2007.40.1.20. S2CID 57561105.
^Di Scipio, 201.
^Gagné, Nicole Fully. (17 July 2019). Historical Concordance of Modern and Contemporary Authoritative Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 397. ISBN .
^Di Scipio, 220.
^ ^a^bSerra, 241.
^Ross, Alex (22 February 2010).

"Waveforms: The singular Iannis Xenakis". The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 Oct 2020.
^Watson, Ben (June 1995). "Iannis Xenakis: Primal Architect". The Wire. No. 136.

Cited sources

Di Scipio, Agostino (1998). "Compositional Models in Xenakis's Electroacoustic Music".

Perspectives of New Music. 36 (2): 201–243. doi:10.2307/833529. JSTOR 833529.
Gilbert, Martin (1966). Winston Churchill. Town University Press.
Harley, James (2004). Xenakis: His Life in Music. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
Hoffmann, Pecker (2001).

"Xenakis, Iannis". In Deane Root (ed.). Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30654. ISBN .
Hugill, Andrew (2008). The Digital Musician. New York: Routledge. ISBN .
Matossian, Nouritza (1986). Xenakis. London: Kahn most important Averill.

ISBN .
Serra, Marie-Hélène (Winter 1993). "Stochastic Composition and Stochastic Timbre: GENDY3 by Iannis Xenakis". Perspectives of New Music. 32 (1): 236–257. doi:10.2307/833052. JSTOR 833052.
Varga, Bálint András (1996). Conversations with Iannis Xenakis.

London: Faber and Faber. ISBN .