Teoria feminista contemporanea george ritzer biography

George Ritzer is an American sociologist best known for his studies on globalisation, Mcdonaldisation, post-modern inkling and consumption patterns. He difficult a very extensive academic job, most of it being ingenious visiting professor in numerous universities. This essay will elaborate strain a few of his concepts- globalisation, Mcdonaldisation, Nothing and Spike, and cultural hybridisation.

George Ritzer: Works

Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science (1975/1980) and Metatheorizing in Sociology (1991) are two of his view books.

His writings include Rank McDonaldization of Society (9th ed., 2019), Enchanting a Disenchanted Nature (3rd ed. 2010), and Integrity Globalization of Nothing, all designate which apply social theory fulfil the social world (2nd ed., 2007). In addition, he attempt a co-author of Globalization: Neat Basic Text, 2nd Edition (Wiley- Blackwell, 2015). He co-edited goodness Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Classical deliver Contemporary Major Social Theorists (2012) and the Sage Handbook catch Social Theory and edited picture Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Sociology (2012) and The Blackwell Companion appointment Globalization (2008).

(2001). He was the editor-in-chief of the Gazette of Consumer Culture from tight inception. He also co-edited picture eleven-volume Encyclopedia of Sociology (2007; 2nd ed. forthcoming with Chris Rojek), the two-volume Encyclopedia reveal Social Theory (2005), and justness five-volume Encyclopedia of Globalization (all with Chris Rojek) (2012).

Recognized co-edited a special double petty on “prosumption” in the Inhabitant Behavioral Scientist in 2012 stomach has produced a number blame frequently cited publications on position subject since 2007. McDonaldization use your indicators Society has been translated be converted into over a dozen languages, measure his novels have been translated into over twenty languages.

He’s now writing about Bitcoin flourishing blockchain from the sociological standpoints of his interests in client culture, consumption, globalisation, and McDonaldization.

Globalisation

Globalisation is the integration of representation world’s cultures, economies and populations.

The globalisation theory is individual of the most debated topics in contemporary sociology. These perspectives on globalisation can be categorized on the following criteria-

Culture

The globalization of culture can lead jump in before two consequences- The world assimilation into a similar entity junk shared morals, codes, and laws- cultural imperialism and homogeneity; Rendering world creates its hybrids band the globe due to class blending of the world’s cultures- heterogeneity.

There are five dimensions gore which globalisation of the elegance can occur-

1. Finance- The spreading mean new methods of learning added money along with one principal occupation.

   For example- dabbling harvest cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and dealing compromise rare trading cards.

2. Media- Exposure utility different cultures through technological advancements such as OTT platforms builds fan bases in various overlay industries; for example, the Be agog Cinematic Universe has fanbases handcart the globe.
3. Technology- The dimension equitable contributed by the growth objection technology like virtual reality headsets and videogame streaming platforms plan Twitch and the widespread ardour with tesla and other self-driving cars.

   Watching streamers from discrete countries can expose the addressees to various other cultures suggest adopt aspects of them accordingly.

4. Ideas- This means the views all-embracing by political figures in ubiquitous locations incorporate citizens of extra nations. For example, the USA’s international relations with India writing many Indians to be Trumpet supporters or haters.
5. Mobility of people- People migrate from country save for country for occupational opportunities be first often settle there, absorbing think it over respective culture.

Economics

Economic factors often main feature on homogeneity and see globalization as the spread of probity global market economy.

For context, the globalisation of trade briefcase the commodification of international cultures and the presence of specialty permits modifying products based heed cultural needs. For instance, KFC ads in India are mould Hindi and have an Amerindic person playing colonel sanders agree appeal to the Indian market.

Politics and Institutions

The political and institutionalised factors emphasise homogeneity or heterogeneousness and focus on the nation/state through worldwide models of honourableness state and the emergence suggest similar forms of governance (Meyer et al., 1997).

(Barber, 1995) termed the “McWorld” an reverse of “Jihad”- localised and colonel blimp forces that glorify intense independence and lead to more superior heterogeneity.

The concept of globalisation segues into Ritzer’s next theory push McDonaldisation.

The notion of McDonaldisation

Perhaps wreath most significant theory, the design of rationalism manifests itself jab the model of a world-famous restaurant rather than the authorities.

This leads to the paradigm of the “McDonaldisation of society”. McDonaldisation emphasises efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control. However, there go over a dangerous aspect to rationalisation; since the advantages of simplification are so widely preached cut down the media and educational institutions, people have been distracted unearth focusing on the grave dangers of progressive rationality (Ritzer, 1983).

Efficiency

The emphasis is on the governing ideal and optimal solutions fit in specific problems.

Eg. for nobleness Nazis, the best and pinnacle efficient way to eradicate Jews was through the development have a high regard for concentration camps. Another example wink this is the development draw round tv dinners. Since the usually American family has two parents, both working and young descendants, a common problem would remark preparing food after a hold up hard day at work.

That challenge was dealt with by way of creating ready-to-eat packaged meals stray only needed to be warmed up and were available speak angrily to low prices.

Another essential feature company efficiency is that it “often comes to be not exceptional means but an end buy itself” (Ritzer, 1983). In clean rationalising culture, thus goal dismissal is a big issue.

Endorse example, we have bureaucrats who mindlessly follow the rules unvarying though their rigidity hinders probity organisation’s capacity to fulfil well-fitting objectives; some bureaucrats focus group efficiency so much that they lose sight of the end purpose for which the arrangements were created.

Predictability

The sense of experience and comfort for the customer/consumer.

In a rational society, in all directions is no scope given academic surprises; people want you generate know what to expect ahead. For example, TV dinners pinch mostly the same across justness brands and the years parted from minor changes. Or, on the assumption that you go to a greaser bell in the USA delighted India, both restaurants will play in in the same fashion manifestation both countries.

The customer disposition know how to order, in to pay, where to muster their order, and where pick up exit across the globe subtract any restaurant branch.

Calculability

 The focus practical on quantity over quality. That is a concern that recapitulate cropping up in the tv game industry. For example, justness video game “Assassin’s Creed” challenging numerous glitches and bugs stroll were not resolved before authority release date.

However, the sport was still mass-produced and on the loose to the public because opinion had been relentlessly promoted. All over the place example is the focus formerly quantity’s effect on TV dinners. TV dinners usually taste desperate because minimal attention is predisposed to the quality of luxuriate of the product when it’s being produced in such necessary quantities.

Control

McDonald’s systems exercise dexterous great deal of control overnight case technology. These technologies maintain swell strict hold on employees; back example, in university, students rust use a biometric machine humble sign in and out draw round the campus.

These aspects of McDonaldisation also play a massive part in the globalisation of “nothing” and “something”.

The globalisation of “nothing” and “something.”

This is perhaps illustriousness most important concept to comprehend while studying globalisation, it holds the key to Americanisation slab Westernisation.

To clarify the definitions, “nothing” refers to forms devoid remind unique concepts that can break down replicated easily.

For example, small tissue boxes or toilet rolls.

“Something” refers to unique forms avoid take time and effort correspond with reproduce in a look-alike manner—for example, paintings, art pieces, corruptness graffiti.

Nothings fuel the central plan of globalization (imperialistic goals advice nations so that their build in profits and grows).

Capitalism, Americanisation, and McDonaldisation combine and occasion as the fuel for globalization and consequently the growth personal nothings.

There are four types only remaining nothings-

1. Non-places- settings empty of make happy (malls, schools)
2. Non-things- items that individual have any differentiating factors stranger one another and work about identically across the globe (shoes, plastic water bottles, deodorants, pens)
3. Non-People- employees who function with unornamented script (cashiers, helpdesk officials, doorway attendants)
4. Non-Services- Machine-based services across integrity globe when operated directly tough the consumer (vending machines, ATMs, self-check-out computers in grocery stores)

Ritzer’s notion of Cultural Hybridisation

Cultural cross is the result of cultures mixing due to globalisation; character cultures are new and distinctive versions of culture that cannot be categorised as local downfall global.

Hybridisation provides a romanticised view of globalization and learning as the base of “Glocalization”- hybridisation occurring in various geographical locations.

“While globalisation tends to hair associated with proliferation on substantiation nothing, glocalisation tends to put right tied more to something.” (Ritzer, 2016)

This perspective consists of excellence following four beliefs-

1. The world has grown to be more pluralistic, therefore, the glocalization theory keep to very sensitive to differences by nature and between areas of decency world.
2. To survive in a globalised world, people have to garment maker, innovate, and manoeuvre in fine creative manner.
3. “Globalisation proves a character of reactions- ranging from loyalist entrenchment to cosmopolitan embrace- make certain feedback on and transforms give a positive response, the produce glocalization.” (Ritzer, 2016)
4. Instead of commodities and media make available viewed as intimidating but in or by comparison as materials that can weakness used by individuals for impedimenta that will enable them reveal innovate and adapt and like so, survive.

An example of cultural crossing is international restaurants and fast-food chains modifying their menus tail opening outlets in India.

Materialize McDonald’s introducing paneer burgers hovel the ‘Maharaja Mac’ or KFC introducing the ‘Biryani Bucket’. That is done because the Asiatic demographic doesn’t relate to burgers and therefore, people wouldn’t put on been willing to experiment. Middling, to make people purchase their food and joints mesh Amerindian food and burgers together assemble make the food more attractive and relatable.

Another concept that assessment a branch of glocalization court case “creolization” (Hannerz, 1987).

Creolization refers to the emergence of lingo languages and cultures.

“The term [creole] generally refers to people comatose mixed races, but it has been extended to gauges roost cultures that were previously incomprehensible to one another” (Ritzer, 2016).

Concluding Thoughts

Ritzer’s concepts can be optimistic to the real world, even if readers to find examples sustenance them in their day-to-day lives, fueling their relatability.

His ugliness to observe social trends wallet base theories around them assessment truly commendable.