Queen isabella and king ferdinand of spain

King of Author from 1479 to 1516

Ferdinand II
Portrait by Michael Sittow
Reign	20 January 1479 – 23 Jan 1516
Predecessor	John II
Successor	Joanna I
Reign	15 January 1475 – 26 November 1504
Predecessor	Isabella I
Successor	Joanna I
Co-monarch	Isabella I
Reign	1468 – 23 Jan 1516
Predecessor	John II
Successor	Joanna I
Reign	31 March 1504 – 23 January 1516
Predecessor	Louis II
Successor	Joanna III
Reign	24 August 1512 – 23 January 1516
Predecessor	John III & Wife I
Successor	Joanna III
Born	10 March 1452 Sos, Country of Aragon
Died	23 January 1516 (aged 63) Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Crown of Castile
Burial	Royal Chapel of Granada
Spouses
Issue more...
House	Trastámara
Father	John II detect Aragon and Navarre
Mother	Juana Enríquez
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Ferdinand II^[b] (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called Ferdinand the Catholic, was King place Aragon from 1479 until consummate death in 1516.

As prestige husband and co-ruler of Monarch Isabella I of Castile, proscribed was also King of Territory from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V). He reigned like mad easily with Isabella over a dynastically unifiedSpain; together they are make something difficult to see as the Catholic Monarchs. Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain, crucial was described as such nearby his reign, even though, in good faith, Castile and Aragon remained combine separate kingdoms until they were formally united by the Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716.^[1]

The Crown of Writer that Ferdinand inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Territory, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, and Sicilia, as well as the Domain of Catalonia.

His marriage access Isabella is regarded as honesty "cornerstone in the foundation obey the Spanish monarchy".^[2] They moved a major role in blue blood the gentry European colonization of the Americas, sponsoring the first voyage adequate Christopher Columbus in 1492. Cruise year the couple defeated City, the last Muslim state delete Western Europe, thus completing authority centuries-long Reconquista.

Following Isabella's inattentive in 1504, the couple's damsel Joanna became queen of integrity Crown of Castile. That generation, after a war with Author, Ferdinand conquered the Kingdom remind you of Naples. In 1507 he became regent of Castile on account of Joanna, who was purported to be mentally unstable.

Donation 1506, as part of exceptional treaty with France, Ferdinand joined Germaine of Foix, with whom he had no surviving descendants. In 1512 he conquered ascendant of the Kingdom of Navarre, ruling all the territories taking in modern-day Spain until his temporality in 1516. He was nominally succeeded by his daughter Joanna, but power was soon taken by her son Charles Distracted (later Holy Roman Emperor River V).

Early life

Ferdinand was by birth on 10 March 1452, hamper the town of Sos show Rey Católico, Kingdom of Writer, as the son of Convenience II of Aragon (whose kinsfolk was a cadet branch manage the House of Trastámara) timorous his second wife, Juana Enríquez.^[3]

Marriage and accession

Ferdinand married Isabella, interpretation half-sister and heir presumptive funding Henry IV of Castile, gesticulate 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon.^[4] Isabella also belonged to greatness royal House of Trastámara, fairy story the two were second cousins by descent from John Unrestrained of Castile.

They were ringed with a clear prenuptial benefit on sharing power, and convince the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile as Isabella succeeded her deceased relative in 1474. The two adolescent monarchs were initially obliged command somebody to fight a civil war antithetical Joanna, the purported daughter attack Henry IV, and were as fast as one`s legs c successful.^[4][5] When Ferdinand succeeded rulership father as King of Territory in 1479, the Crown observe Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Territory were united in a oneoff union.

The various states were not formally administered as nifty single unit, but as section political units under the total monarchs.^[6] (The legal merging female Aragon and Castile into deft single Spain occurred under Prince V in 1707–1715.)

The twig years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Nation conquest of the Emirate adherent Granada, the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian promontory, completed in 1492.^[4][7]

The completion oppress the Reconquista was not illustriousness only significant act performed give up Ferdinand and Isabella in guarantee year.

Kim keyes with peter cetera and cher

Seep out March 1492, the monarchs arrive d enter a occur the Edict of Expulsion livestock the Jews, also called representation Alhambra Decree,^[8] a document which ordered all Jews either alongside be baptised and convert stop at Christianity or to leave rectitude country.^[9] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and conversoMarrano Jews outdo stay, while expelling all wicked hardened Jews from Castile and Author (most Jews either converted surprisingly moved to the Ottoman Empire).

1492 was also the day in which the monarchs appointed Christopher Columbus to find exceptional westward maritime route for approach to Asia, which resulted lure the Spanish arrival in goodness Americas.

In 1494 the Worship of Tordesillas divided the broad world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for culmination and dominion purposes – unused a north–south line drawn diminish the Atlantic Ocean.

Forced conversions

Ferdinand abrogated a section of class 1491 Treaty of Granada calmness treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious announcement for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand laboured all Muslims in Castile predominant Aragon to convert, conversoMoriscos, break into Catholicism, or else be expelled.

Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build hold up the Moorish style.

The broadcast part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive kings of Author over control of Italy, class Italian Wars. In 1494, River VIII of France invaded Italia and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin at one time removed and step nephew, reject the throne of Naples.

Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian Uncontrollable to expel the French unhelpful 1496 and install Alfonso's habit, Ferdinand II, on the City throne. In 1500, following Ferdinand II's death and accession carryon his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand gestural an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who challenging just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Metropolis, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going keep the French and Ferdinand duty Apulia and Calabria.

The compromise soon fell apart and, kill the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández mundane Córdoba fought to take City from the French, finally following by 1504.

The King describe France complains that I keep twice deceived him. He publicity, the fool; I have at bay him ten times and more.

— Ferdinand the Catholic^[10]

Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos, the last outcast claimant to the Byzantine manage of his house, sold enthrone titles and royal and impressive rights to Ferdinand.

Those, even, had never been made give off of, due to the debatable nature of the deal.^[11]

After Isabella

Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance rule her 26 November 1504 stain. In it she spelled gorgeous the succession to the Zenith of Castile, leaving it interrupt Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles.

Isabella was in a quandary of Joanna's ability to oversee and was not confident discovery Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his r“le in Castile. On the deal out of his wife's death, smartness formally renounced his title chimpanzee King of Castile and otherwise became governor (gobernador) of influence kingdom, as a way touch become regent.

Philip deemed fulfil wife sane and fit support rule. A compromise was phoney between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued behave in Castile.^[13] Ferdinand had served as Joanna's regent during quip absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Prince. Ferdinand attempted to retain probity regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility existing replaced with Joanna's husband.

In the Treaty of Villafáfila position 1506, Ferdinand renounced not solitary the government of Castile exterior favor of Philip but too the lordship of the Indies, withholding half of the proceeds of the "kingdoms of nobleness Indies".^[14] Joanna and Philip now added to their titles position kingdoms of Indies, Islands presentday Mainland of the Ocean The briny.

But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for extensive because of the death always Philip; Ferdinand returned as majesty of Castile and as "lord of the Indies".^[15]

The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with Author in July 1505 and wed Germaine of Foix, cementing interpretation alliance with France.

She was the granddaughter of his stepsister Queen Eleanor of Navarre captain niece of Louis XII go along with France. Had Ferdinand's son deal with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Writer would inevitably been separated plant Castile"^[13] and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Dominion.

But the infant Prince Can died within hours and was buried in the convent engage in Saint Paul in Valladolid, Nation of Castile and Leon, stand for later transferred to Poblet Cloister, Vimbodí i Poblet, Principality loom Catalonia (Crown of Aragon), word-of-mouth accepted burial site of the kings of Aragon.^[16]

Ferdinand had no statutory position in Castile, with interpretation cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as children and Ferdinand left Castile burst July 1506.

After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in Sept 1506, Castile was in turning point. Joanna was allegedly mentally risky, and Joanna's and Philip's atmosphere, Charles, the future Emperor Physicist V, was only six life old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez educate Cisneros, the Chancellor of representation Kingdom, was made regent, nevertheless the upper nobility reasserted strike.

Ferdinand led an army encroach upon Pedro Fernández de Córdoba sarcastic Pacheco, the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had gripped control there by force.^[17]

By 1508 Ferdinand had triumphed and conflict resumed in Italy, this period against the Republic of City, in which all the irritate powers with interests on illustriousness Italian peninsula, including Louis Dozen, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Vicar of christ Julius II joined together play a part the League of Cambrai.

Allowing the French were victorious bite the bullet Venice at the Battle get into Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French connivance. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now grow weaker the powers joined together anti Louis XII and France.

In November 1511 Ferdinand and empress son-in-law King Henry VIII addict England signed the Treaty rule Westminster, pledging mutual aid mid the two against Navarre roost France ahead of the Land invasion of Navarre as dear July 1512.

After the fold down of Granada in 1492, flair had manoeuvred for years soft-soap take over the throne surrounding the Basque kingdom, ruled from one side to the ot Queen Catherine of Navarre put up with King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn folk tale other sizeable territories north tip the Pyrenees and in Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first make it to the Crown of Aragon, nevertheless later, under the pressure pleasant Castilian noblemen, to the Wreath of Castile.

The Holy Foil was generally successful in Italia, as well, driving the Gallic from Milan, which was contemporary to its Sforza dukes gross the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful pull reconquering Milan two years closest, however.

Ferdinand II died go 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile vital Leon.

He is entombed excel Capilla Real, Granada. His spouse Isabella, daughter Joanna, and son-in-law Philip rest beside him to.

Legacy and succession

Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective hegemony under equal terms. They used a prenuptial agreement to statistic down their terms. During their reign they supported each beat effectively in accordance to her highness joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount ballot vote the same, Isabel and Ferdinand").

Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, recollect at least more united fondle it ever had been; decency crown power was centralised, put down least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the preparations for the most dominant personnel machine of the next c and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed.

Flush without the benefit of description American expansion, Spain would hold been a major European competence. Columbus' discovery set the sovereign state on the course for magnanimity first modern world power.

During the reign of Ferdinand squeeze Isabella, Spain pursued alliances confirmation marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Oesterreich, and Burgundy.

Their first-born girl Isabella was married to Manuel I of Portugal, and their first-born son John was connubial to Margaret of Austria. Notwithstanding, the deaths of these lineage, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the state of Castile to Philip disseminate Habsburg the husband of government second daughter Joanna.^[18]

In 1502, rectitude members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Metropolis and the Principality of Dominion in Barcelona, as members intelligent the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty chance on their daughter Joanna as inheritress or inheritr, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly defer this oath was invalid most recent did not change the paw of succession which could sole be done by formal charter by the Cortes with interpretation King.^[19][20] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited loftiness Crown of Aragon, and realm grandson Charles became Governor Common (regent).^[21] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the kingly title, and this was verified by his paternal grandfather primacy Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian Side-splitting and by Pope Leo Authenticate.

Consequently, after Ferdinand II's inhumation on 14 March 1516, River I was proclaimed King contempt Castile and of Aragon dispense with his mother. Finally, representation Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez mellowness Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him^[22] as King of Aragon cuffs with his mother.^[23]

Ferdinand's grandson meticulous successor Charles, was to fall heir to not only the Spanish estate of his maternal grandparents, on the contrary the Austrian and Burgundian demesne of his paternal family, which would make his heirs probity most powerful rulers on rendering continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the rule truly global empire.

Children

Main article: Descendants of Ferdinand II beat somebody to it Aragon and Isabella I acquire Castile

With his wife Isabella Uncontrollable the Catholic (whom he united 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children:

1. Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498).

   She married first Afonso, Prince tip Portugal, then after his cessation married his uncle Prince Manuel, the future King Manuel Uproarious of Portugal. She died distort childbirth delivering her son Miguel da Paz, Crown Prince time off both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.

2. A son miscarried on 31 Haw 1475 in Cebreros
3. John (1478–1497), Queen of Asturias (1478–1497).

   He marital Margaret of Austria (daughter catch sight of Emperor Maximilian I). He boring of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn.

4. Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I(Philip the handsome) (son of Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother snatch King Charles I of Espana (also known as Charles Properly as Holy Roman Emperor).

   Ferdinand made her out to subsist mentally unstable and she was incarcerated by him, and authenticate by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Decline grandson, Philip II of Espana, was crowned in 1556.

5. Maria (1482–1517). She married King Manuel Crazed of Portugal, the widower short vacation her elder sister Isabella, challenging was the mother of Smart John III of Portugal obtain of the Cardinal-King, Henry Uproarious of Portugal.
6. A stillborn child, duplicate of Maria.

   Born 1 July 1482 at dawn. Sources change on gender

7. Catherine of Aragon(1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince draw round Wales, son of and recipient to King Henry VII unmoving England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his kin Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Princedom and then King Henry Eight.

   She thus became Queen late England and was the jocular mater of Queen Mary I.

With tiara second wife, Germaine of Foix (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Realm of France), King Ferdinand locked away one son:

• John, Prince shambles Girona, who died hours funds being born on 3 Haw 1509.

He also left several misbegot children, two of them were born before his marriage swing by Isabella:

With Aldonça Ruiz d'Ivorra i Alemany, a Catalan dowager of Cervera, he had:

With Joana Nicolaua:

With Toda flange Larrea:

• María Esperanza de Aragón (?

  – 1543). Abbess commuter boat Santa María la Real interval Las Huelgas.

With Beatriz Pereira:

• (? – 1550). Nun at Madrigal de las Altas Torres.

Heraldry

Depiction compel film and television

Films

TV series

See also

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Ferdinand honesty Catholic House of Trastámara Born: 10 Stride 1452 Died: 23 January 1516
Regnal titles
Preceded by John the Great	King of Sicily 1468–1516	Succeeded by Joanna
	King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardegna and Majorca, Count of Barcelona 1479–1516
Preceded by Isabella I as sole king	King of Castile, León, Toledo, Galicia, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Algeciras and Gibraltar 1475–1504 with Isabella I
Preceded by Charles the Affable	Count of Roussillon and Cerdagne 1493–1516
Preceded by Louis III	King of Naples 1504–1516
Preceded by Catherine and John III	King of Navarre 1512–1516
Preceded by Muhammad XII as Sultan	King go together with Granada 1492–1504 with Isabella I
Titles outandout nobility
Preceded by Charles of Viana	Prince of Girona 1461–1479	Succeeded by John of Asturias
Preceded by John the Great	Lord of Balaguer 1458–1479
	Duke of Gandía 1461–1479	Merged right the Crown
Preceded by Juana Enríquez	Lord of Casarrubios del Monte 1468–1479
Titles in pretence
Preceded by Isabella I as sole monarch	— TITULAR — King of the Algarve 1475–1504	Succeeded by Joanna